Ambuel, B. and Mazzone, M. F. (2001) 'Breaking bad news and discussing death', Prim Care, 28(2), pp. 249-67. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0095-4543(05)70021-X
Baile, W. F., Buckman, R., Lenzi, R., Glober, G., et al. (2000) 'SPIKES-A six-step protocol for delivering bad news: application to the patient with cancer', Oncologist, 5(4), pp. 302-11. https://doi.org/10.1634/theoncologist.5-4-302
Berkhof, M., van Rijssen, H. J., Schellart, A. J., Anema, J. R., et al. (2011) 'Effective training strategies for teaching communication skills to physicians: an overview of systematic reviews', Patient Educ Couns, 84(2), pp. 152-62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pec.2010.06.010
Billings, J. A. and Block, S. (1997) 'Palliative care in undergraduate medical education. Status report and future directions', JAMA, 278(9), pp. 733-8. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1997.03550090057033
Brennan, N., Corrigan, O., Allard, J., Archer, J., et al. (2010) 'The transition from medical student to junior doctor: today's experiences of Tomorrow's Doctors', Med Educ, 44(5), pp. 449-58. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2923.2009.03604.x
Buckman, R. (1984) 'Breaking bad news: why is it still so difficult?', Br Med J (Clin Res Ed), 288(6430), pp. 1597-9. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.288.6430.1597
Colletti, L., Gruppen, L., Barclay, M. and Stern, D. (2001) 'Teaching students to break bad news', Am J Surg, 182(1), pp. 20-3. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9610(01)00651-1
De Valck, C., Bensing, J. and Bruynooghe, R. (2001) 'Medical students' attitudes towards breaking bad news: an empirical test of the World Health Organization model', Psychooncology, 10(5), pp. 398-409. https://doi.org/10.1002/pon.520
Deslauriers, L., Schelew, E. and Wieman, C. (2011) 'Improved learning in a large-enrollment physics class', Science, 332(6031), pp. 862-4. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1201783
Eggly, S., Afonso, N., Rojas, G., Baker, M., et al. (1997) 'An assessment of residents' competence in the delivery of bad news to patients', Acad Med, 72(5), pp. 397-9. https://doi.org/10.1097/00001888-199705000-00023
Fink, L. D. (2003) What is ''Significant Learning"? Available at: https://www.wcu.edu/WebFiles/PDFs/facultycenter_SignificantLearning.pdf (Accessed: 22 Feb 2018).
Fitzpatrick, D., Heah, R., Patten, S. and Ward, H. (2017) 'Palliative Care in Undergraduate Medical Education-How Far Have We Come?', Am J Hosp Palliat Care, 34(8), pp. 762-773. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049909116659737
Friedrichsen, M. and Milberg, A. (2006) 'Concerns about losing control when breaking bad news to terminally ill patients with cancer: physicians' perspective', J Palliat Med, 9(3), pp. 673-82. https://doi.org/10.1089/jpm.2006.9.673
Gibbins, J., McCoubrie, R. and Forbes, K. (2011) 'Why are newly qualified doctors unprepared to care for patients at the end of life?', Med Educ, 45(4), pp. 389-99. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2923.2010.03873.x
Girgis, A. and Sanson-Fisher, R. W. (1995) 'Breaking bad news: consensus guidelines for medical practitioners', J Clin Oncol, 13(9), pp. 2449-56. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.1995.13.9.2449
Gorniewicz, J., Floyd, M., Krishnan, K., Bishop, T. W., et al. (2017) 'Breaking bad news to patients with cancer: A randomized control trial of a brief communication skills training module incorporating the stories and preferences of actual patients', Patient Educ Couns, 100(4), pp. 655-666. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pec.2016.11.008
Helmich, E., Bolhuis, S., Laan, R., Dornan, T., et al. (2014) 'Medical students' emotional development in early clinical experience: a model', Adv Health Sci Educ Theory Pract, 19(3), pp. 347-59. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10459-013-9477-1
Hsieh, H. F. and Shannon, S. E. (2005) 'Three approaches to qualitative content analysis', Qual Health Res, 15(9), pp. 1277-88. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732305276687
Kaufman, D. M. (2003) 'Applying educational theory in practice', BMJ, 326(7382), pp. 213-6. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.326.7382.213
Kurtz, S. M., Silverman, J., Draper, J. (1998) Teaching and learning communication skills in medicine. 2nd edn. Abingdon, Oxon, UK: Radcliffe Medical Press.
Lamba, S., Tyrie, L. S., Bryczkowski, S. and Nagurka, R. (2016) 'Teaching Surgery Residents the Skills to Communicate Difficult News to Patient and Family Members: A Literature Review', J Palliat Med, 19(1), pp. 101-7. https://doi.org/10.1089/jpm.2015.0292
Lempp, H. and Seale, C. (2004) 'The hidden curriculum in undergraduate medical education: qualitative study of medical students' perceptions of teaching', BMJ, 329(7469), pp. 770-3. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.329.7469.770
Minichiello, T. A., Ling, D. and Ucci, D. K. (2007) 'Breaking bad news: a practical approach for the hospitalist', J Hosp Med, 2(6), pp. 415-21. https://doi.org/10.1002/jhm.271
Narayanan, V., Bista, B. and Koshy, C. (2010) ''BREAKS' Protocol for Breaking Bad News', Indian J Palliat Care, 16(2), pp. 61-5. https://doi.org/10.4103/0973-1075.68401
Paice, E., Heard, S. and Moss, F. (2002) 'How important are role models in making good doctors?', BMJ : British Medical Journal, 325(7366), pp. 707-710. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.325.7366.707
Park, I., Gupta, A., Mandani, K., Haubner, L., et al. (2010) 'Breaking bad news education for emergency medicine residents: A novel training module using simulation with the SPIKES protocol', J Emerg Trauma Shock, 3(4), pp. 385-8. https://doi.org/10.4103/0974-2700.70760
Ptacek, J. T. and Eberhardt, T. L. (1996) 'Breaking bad news. A review of the literature', JAMA, 276(6), pp. 496-502. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1996.03540060072041
Ramirez, A. J., Graham, J., Richards, M. A., Cull, A., et al. (1995) 'Burnout and psychiatric disorder among cancer clinicians', Br J Cancer, 71(6), pp. 1263-9. https://doi.org/10.1038/bjc.1995.244
Robertson, K. (2005) 'Active listening: more than just paying attention', Aust Fam Physician, 34(12), pp. 1053-5.
Rosenbaum, M. E., Ferguson, K. J. and Lobas, J. G. (2004) 'Teaching medical students and residents skills for delivering bad news: a review of strategies', Acad Med, 79(2), pp. 107-17. https://doi.org/10.1097/00001888-200402000-00002
Sandelowski, M., Voils, C. I. and Knafl, G. (2009) 'On Quantitizing', J Mix Methods Res, 3(3), pp. 208-222. https://doi.org/10.1177/1558689809334210
Schildmann, J., Harlein, J., Burchardi, N., Schlogl, M., et al. (2006) 'Breaking bad news: evaluation study on self-perceived competences and views of medical and nursing students taking part in a collaborative workshop', Support Care Cancer, 14(11), pp. 1157-61. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00520-006-0064-3
Schneider, M. and Preckel, F. (2017) 'Variables associated with achievement in higher education: A systematic review of meta-analyses', Psychol Bull, 143(6), pp. 565-600. https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000098
Shaw, J., Brown, R., Heinrich, P. and Dunn, S. (2013) 'Doctors' experience of stress during simulated bad news consultations', Patient Educ Couns, 93(2), pp. 203-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pec.2013.06.009
Silverman, J. (2009) 'Teaching clinical communication: a mainstream activity or just a minority sport?', Patient Educ Couns, 76(3), pp. 361-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pec.2009.06.011
Taylor, D. C. and Hamdy, H. (2013) 'Adult learning theories: implications for learning and teaching in medical education: AMEE Guide No. 83', Med Teach, 35(11), pp. e1561-72. https://doi.org/10.3109/0142159X.2013.828153
Toivonen, A. K., Lindblom-Ylanne, S., Louhiala, P. and Pyorala, E. (2017) 'Medical students' reflections on emotions concerning breaking bad news', Patient Educ Couns, 100(10), pp. 1903-1909. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pec.2017.05.036
van Dulmen, S., Tromp, F., Grosfeld, F., ten Cate, O., et al. (2007) 'The impact of assessing simulated bad news consultations on medical students’ stress response and communication performance', Psychoneuroendocrinology, 32(8), pp. 943-950. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2007.06.016
van Weel-Baumgarten, E. M., Brouwers, M., Grosfeld, F., Hermus, F. J., et al. (2012) 'Teaching and training in breaking bad news at the Dutch medical schools: A comparison', Medical Teacher, 34(5), pp. 373-381. https://doi.org/10.3109/0142159x.2012.668247
Van de Kieft, G. K. (2001) 'Breaking bad news', Am Fam Physician, 64(12), pp. 1975-8.