From our experience with transition to e-learning during disruptive times, we recognized the importance of engraving an e-learning culture within the Medical Faculty. Any new infrastructure or expertise requires time to develop and be accepted within an organization. From a recent Faculty survey conducted, those who felt less equipped for e-learning had a more negative experience with this transition. As a result of our incidental preparedness in e-learning, HKUMed was enabled to make the rapid shift to online medical education without much difficulties. With the COVID-19 outbreak coming under control and the easing of social distancing measures, we have to plan towards transitioning back to the new normal. We must ponder whether pedagogically we should, or even could return to status quo or we must evolve in a different direction. In other words, will we merely transition back or transform forwards? Though the jury is still out, it would be prudent to examine what we and others have learnt in order to move forward.
1. Even when hands are forced, we still need to deal with human factors
While necessity may be the mother of invention, necessity also compels one to confront their prejudices and reservations towards change. Understandably, teachers are heterogenous in terms of their background, their digital literacy and comfort with being online. We cannot assume the same level of pre-existing e-learning competencies across all teachers and students. Reluctance to be recorded may stem from the fear of being held accountable for every word spoken in a recorded lecture, with one’s words being repeatedly analysed and even have the potential to be widely disseminated for scrutiny. However, faculty members were left with few options other than deferring or cancellation of teaching. Given the unpredictable duration of disruption and whether classes can be made up in the future, most staff did engage in e-learning and as they did, most of their concerns seemed to have dissipated.
2. Social equity and wellbeing issues with large scale e-learning
In terms of students’ wellbeing, learning at home results in isolation. The freedom to withdraw from social interaction during synchronous learning activities by turning off one’s audio and video compounds this issue. It is important to keep in mind that the university is a social environment, in which students within a program of study share a common pursuit. Their academic success is dependent on social interactions (such as peer-to-peer support, feedback and positive competitions) that promote their learning process as well as their sociopsychological wellbeing.
Socioeconomic inequality and privacy issues are also exposed as the quality of real-time webcasts is dependent on computing power and internet speed. Virtual backgrounds were unavailable to some with less powerful computers, forcing students either to display their home environment for all to see or to switch off the video display, thus creating a false sense of non-participation that may eventuate into real non-participation. Audio participation is also easily perturbed in Hong Kong, since many students reside in smaller apartments and are hence forced to remain in close proximity to other household members, leaving them prone to disturbance.
To address these issues, we must ensure students have the essential means to learn remotely. Some responses from other institutions include offering stipends for internet access and laptop rentals / purchases; loaning computing equipment; and providing internet hotspots for under-resourced students (Heitz et al., 2020). It is also necessary to expand mental health services on the medical campus for students (Hall et al., 2020). Due to social distancing measures, HKUMed scaled up outreach with individual/group counseling services and online mindfulness classes as well as key mental health resources to enable faculty and staff to support students. Given the distress caused by COVID-19, we see the ongoing need for it to grow for students, faculty, and staff alike.
Moving forward we should be cognizant of the fact that technological firepower should not determine one’s access to quality teaching. While up-market e-learning tools may be available, it should not exceed the hardware requirement affordable by the average income student and be accessible to all students across different socioeconomic backgrounds. When designing learning spaces, faculties should consider the installation of decent hardware to ensure optimal access to online learning.
3. What to keep and what to discard
While social distancing measures may soon relax, the speed and degree at which it should take place and the aspects of social distancing that are to remain are still uncertain. The million-dollar question is to know what elements of the pedagogical changes to keep and what to discard. What if social distancing is here to stay? The same Faculty survey revealed strong opinions regarding how e-learning cannot replace face-to-face teaching. Teachers missed the interactions and the immediate feedback when delivering a face-to-face lecture. However, apart from the tactile component, what are the other key aspects of face-to-face teaching that teachers feel irreplaceable? Is the chasm between face-to-face delivery and online delivery irreconcilable? What is best taught online and what is best taught face-to-face?
4. Changes in societal expectations
Doctors, patients, medical students, non-clinical and clinical teachers previously may have been less open to e-learning as face-to-face interaction was regarded as the norm and irreplaceable. However, we are now at a unique juncture in the history of medical practice where genomics, biosensors, electronic patient records, and artificial intelligence have all become superimposed on a digital infrastructure. Eric Topol opines that this remarkable set of technology promises healthcare delivery in a far more rational, efficient and tailored manner (Topol, 2019a; Topol, 2019b). However, are our future medical professionals and teachers sufficiently digitally literate for this new era of e-medicine? What are the societal attitudes towards the increasingly digital forms of medical education and medical care?
Since the rapid shift to e-learning, most of our HKUMed students view e-learning as superior in providing flexibility and convenience for didactic teaching. The benefits of asynchronous learning (i.e. the ability to pause videos to take notes, annotate videos in real-time, re-watch videos, adjust video speed, and learn medical / scientific terms from closed captioning) are far-reaching and enable our students to learn more effectively than face-to-face delivery. Asynchronous learning (and perhaps assessment) may pave the way towards achieving competency rather than time-based paradigm of medical training.
A main drawback is the technical issues involved with e-learning. As it is likely that videoconferencing will remain a popular choice for clinical teaching even after COVID-19 pandemic, it is even more important for aspiring health care professionals to develop active engagement skills such as active listening, exchanging ideas, reaching consensus, and problem solving in both physical and online environments. In effect, engaging students for deep learning in a collaborative virtual classroom setting will prepare them for a collaborative virtual workplace in the future, connecting professionals to solve patient / service / administrative issues. The gap is how to equip teachers with sufficient pedagogical skills in the virtual learning environment.
Moving forward, we may need to embark upon changing societal expectations regarding the future virtual outlook of doctor-patient, doctor-doctor, teacher-student and student-student relations. We see the exigency of boosting medical students’ digital literacy to prepare them for the workforce. The move to an online learning environment is a key step in developing skills and changing attitudes that are required to become both digitally competent and confident. It is also important to create curriculum space to accommodate teaching of new medical knowledge essential in tomorrow’s clinical practice (e.g. Precision Medicine, PanorOmics, big data, artificial intelligence).
An emerging application of technology is telemedicine which involves the provision of health care remotely using telecommunication and information technology while delivering the same standard of care compared to face-to-face consultations. Within primary care, there is increasing evidence showing the benefits of telemedicine in providing ease of access for patients while reducing non-attendance rates (The Health Foundation, 2014; Farr et al., 2018; Marshall, Shah and Stokes-Lampard, 2018). Video consultations are well-received especially for patients who require long-term care (NHS England, 2016). Another application of telemedicine is secure video camera monitoring of patients in care homes by healthcare providers in order to give medical advice to care home staff and residents (Airdale NHS Foundation Trust, 2020). Computer vision and machine learning algorithms also enable medical professionals to plan care proactively through early detection of adverse events such as falls (de Miguel et al., 2017). These technological advances confirm the need to develop more “webside” medical education (Tsang et al., 2020).